Glutathione

Glutathione

• Mechanism of action:

  • Glutathione is a tripeptide (cysteine, glutamate, and glycine).

  • Critical roles include:

    • Direct neutralization of singlet oxygen, hydroxyl radicals, and superoxide radicals

    • Cofactor for antioxidant enzymes

    • Regeneration of vitamins C and E

    • Neutralization of free radicals from Phase I liver metabolism of chemical toxins

    • One of ~7 liver Phase II reactions, conjugating activated intermediates from Phase I to make them water-soluble for kidney excretion.

    • Transportation of mercury out of cells and the brain

    • Regulation of cellular proliferation and apoptosis

    • Vital to mitochondrial function and mtDNA maintenance  

      
      

• Common indications/uses:

  • Used for antioxidant power and as a detoxification agent.

  • Low levels associated with: Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, COPD, asthma, HIV, hypertension, myocardial infarction, macular degeneration, glaucoma, cystic fibrosis, and aging.

  • Direct administration has been proven effective in these diseases.

• Dosing: Insufficient data to recommend.

• Evidence (by indication): Insufficient data to recommend.

• Safety concerns:

  • Long-term use linked to low zinc levels.

  • Inhaled glutathione can cause wheezing and exacerbate asthma.

  • Safety during pregnancy is unknown.

• Adverse reactions: Insufficient data to recommend.

• Drug interactions: Insufficient data to recommend.